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中国 巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国


中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国联合声明


2006/02/24


中华人民共和国与巴基斯坦

伊斯兰共和国联合声明

　　一、应中华人民共和国主席胡锦涛的邀请，巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国总统佩尔韦兹·穆沙拉夫于2006年2月19日至23日对中华人民共和国进行国事访问。

　　二、胡锦涛主席同穆沙拉夫总统举行了正式会谈。中国全国人大常委会委员长吴邦国、国务院总理温家宝和全国政协主席贾庆林分别会见了穆沙拉夫总统。两国领导人在亲切、友好的气氛中，就进一步加强和发展中巴战略合作伙伴关系及共同关心的国际和地区问题深入交换了意见，达成广泛共识。

　　三、访问期间，穆沙拉夫总统在中国社会科学院向中国部分知名学者作了演讲，参加了与中国企业界人士的座谈会，出席了庆祝中巴建交55周年特别活动。穆沙拉夫总统及其代表团还访问了四川省成都市。

　　四、两国领导人满意地回顾了中巴关系55年的发展历程，一致认为，中巴友谊深入人心，真诚友好、互利合作、相互信任、相互支持已成为中巴关系的显著特征。无论国际、地区及两国国内形势如何变化，中巴全天候友谊经受住了时间的考验，不断发扬光大。双方认为，当前国际和地区形势正在发生重大而深刻的变化，两国加强睦邻友好、开展互利合作、深化战略关系符合两国和两国人民的根本利益，有利于本地区的和平与发展。双方强调，进一步巩固和发展睦邻友好、互利合作的中巴战略合作伙伴关系，是两国外交政策的既定方针，两国将继续采取积极措施不断深化和充实中巴关系的内涵。

　　五、双方对2003年11月两国元首发表的《中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国关于双边合作发展方向的联合宣言》得到顺利实施，以及对《中华人民共和国和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国睦邻友好合作条约》的签订并生效表示满意。双方同意，两国领导人将保持高层互访和接触，就重大国际和地区问题以及双边关系举行经常性的磋商与协调，为促进两国以及本地区的稳定与繁荣做出不懈努力。

　　六、穆沙拉夫总统代表巴基斯坦政府和人民感谢中国政府和人民在巴基斯坦发生地震灾害后所提供的紧急物资和人道主义援助，认为中方的无私援助体现了中巴之间患难与共的真挚情意。胡锦涛主席表示中方将积极参与巴灾区重建，帮助灾区人民早日重建家园。

　　七、双方决心以庆祝建交55周年为契机，把中巴关系推向更新、更高的水平。双方商定在今年内举办“文化周”、“电影周”、媒体互访、学术交流等活动。

　　八、双方决心进一步加强各领域的互利合作，认为经贸合作不仅是中巴睦邻友好合作关系的重要组成部分，也是中巴两国共同利益的纽带。双方同意继续探讨扩大和深化两国经贸合作的新途径和新方式，实现共同发展，造福于两国和两国人民。

　　九、双方对实施中巴自贸区“早期收获计划”表示满意，同意加快“自由贸易协定”谈判进程。双方重视利用喀喇昆仑公路促进两国陆路贸易，并愿采取措施提供便利。

　　十、双方还对中国帮助巴基斯坦开发各类经济项目取得进展深感满意。这些项目包括瓜达尔港、山达克铜金矿、杜达铅锌矿等。双方同意鼓励企业间的合作，包括建立合资企业，支持早日启动扩大经济和贸易领域合作的联合研究。双方同意两国金融机构成立中巴联合投资公司。双方还原则同意合作改扩建中巴喀喇昆仑公路。双方特别强调重视农业合作，尤其是农产品加工业、农药、滴水灌溉和渔业方面的合作。双方还签署了关于扩大和深化双边经济贸易合作的框架协议。

　　十一、双方同意加强能源领域合作，并签署了内容广泛的《中巴能源领域合作框架协议》。巴方表示对修建炼油厂、天然气终端、油气储备和转运设施有兴趣。中方欢迎上述提议，并同意协助巴发展油气产业。

　　十二、双方对恰希玛核电站一期工程的运行以及二期的开工和建设表示满意，同意继续加强在和平利用核能方面的合作。

　　十三、双方十分重视进一步扩大社会领域合作，包括卫生、人力资源开发、教育、职业培训等领域。

　　十四、双方同意加强在高科技领域的合作，包括和平利用空间技术的合作。双方还同意有关地球、海洋和空间科学的学术机构之间开展更紧密的联系，推动相关技术在工农业领域的应用。双方还同意开展在地震、地质和南极等领域的科研合作。

　　十五、中方重申尊重巴基斯坦的独立、主权和领土完整，赞赏并支持巴基斯坦为促进南亚和平与稳定、捍卫国家主权和独立所做的一切努力。巴方重申继续坚定奉行一个中国的政策，承认中华人民共和国政府是代表全中国的唯一合法政府，台湾是中国领土不可分割的一部分。巴方反对“台湾独立”，完全支持中国的和平统一大业。

　　十六、双方全面讨论了国际和地区形势，重申坚决反对一切形式的恐怖主义，反对大规模杀伤性武器及其运载工具的扩散，努力维护国际和平与稳定。双方一致认为，联合国改革旨在维护联合国的权威和团结，应当优先重视发展问题。安理会改革应充分考虑广大会员国的利益，通过广泛和深入协商，找到各方均能接受的解决办法。

　　十七、巴方欢迎中国成为“南亚区域合作联盟”（SAARC）的观察员。中方欢迎巴基斯坦成为“上海合作组织”（SCO）的观察员，并邀请巴方出席今年6月在上海举行的“上海合作组织”峰会。双方表示支持亚洲区域合作进程，并认为需要促进不同地区间的合作。

　　十八、访问期间，双方分别签署了《中华人民共和国政府和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府关于扩大和深化双边经济贸易合作的协定》、《中华人民共和国国防部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国国防部合作框架协议》、《中华人民共和国国家发展改革委员会和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国石油和自然资源部关于能源领域合作框架协议》、《中华人民共和国劳动与社会保障部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国劳动、人力和海外巴侨部在职业培训领域的合作谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国交通部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国交通部关于改造喀喇昆仑公路的合作谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国农业部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国食品、农业和畜牧业部关于渔业合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国农业部与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国食品、农业和畜牧业部关于在农药管理领域开展合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国商务部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国商务部关于启动双边经贸合作五年规划联合研究的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国卫生部和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国卫生部卫生领域合作谅解备忘录》、《关于中华人民共和国国家人口和计划生育委员会与巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国人口福利部之间合作的备忘录》、《中华人民共和国地震局和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国气象厅关于在地震研究领域合作的谅解备忘录》、《中华人民共和国中国气象局和巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国巴基斯坦气象局气象科技合作谅解备忘录》、《中国进出口银行与巴基斯坦经济事务和统计部关于中华人民共和国政府向巴基斯坦伊斯兰共和国政府提供3亿美元优惠出口买方信贷的总协议》。

　　十九、穆沙拉夫总统邀请胡锦涛主席今年访问巴基斯坦并参加庆祝建交55周年活动。胡锦涛主席对此表示感谢。







Joint Statement Between the People’s Republic of China

And the Islamic Republic of Pakistan





1. At the invitation of President Hu Jintao of the People’s Republic of China, President Pervez Musharraf of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan paid a state visit to the People’s Republic of China from 19 to 23 February 2006.



2. President Hu Jintao held official talks with President Musharraf. Mr. Wu Bangguo, Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, Mr. Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council, and Mr. Jia Qinglin, Chairman of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, met President Musharraf respectively. In a cordial and friendly atmosphere, leaders of the two countries had in-depth exchange of views and reached broad common ground on strengthening China-Pakistan strategic partnership of cooperation and on international and regional issues of mutual interest.



3. During his visit, President Musharraf addressed leading Chinese scholars at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, met members of the Chinese business community and attended a special commemorative event marking the 55th Anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Pakistan. President Musharraf and his delegation also visited Chengdu, Sichuan Province.



4. The leaders of the two countries reviewed with satisfaction the growth of China-Pakistan relations over the past 55 years. They were glad to see that China-Pakistan friendship featuring sincerity, cooperation, mutual trust and support has struck deep root in the hearts of the two peoples. The all-weather friendship between China and Pakistan has withstood the test of time and prospered notwithstanding changes in the international, regional and domestic environment. Both sides agreed that at a time when major and profound changes are taking place both internationally and regionally, to strengthen good-neighborliness and friendship, develop cooperation and deepen strategic relations between China and Pakistan serves the fundamental interests of the two countries and peoples and will promote peace and development in the region. Both sides emphasized that the two countries are committed to enhancing China-Pakistan strategic partnership of cooperation featuring good-neighborliness, friendship and mutual cooperation. The two countries will continue to take steps to deepen and enrich China-Pakistan relations.



5. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the successful implementation of the Joint Declaration Between the People’s Republic of China and the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on the Direction of Bilateral Cooperation issued by the two Heads of State in November 2003 and the signing and coming into effect of the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Good-neighborly Relations. They agreed to maintain exchange of high-level visits and contacts and conduct regular consultation and coordination on major international and regional issues and bilateral relations and to make unremitting efforts to promote stability and prosperity both in China and Pakistan and in the region.



6. On behalf of the Pakistani Government and people, President Musharraf expressed appreciation to the Chinese Government and people for the provision of emergency relief material and humanitarian assistance in the wake of the earthquake in Pakistan. He stated that the selfless assistance of the Chinese side reflected the true friendship between China and Pakistan tested by adversity. President Hu Jintao said that the Chinese side will take an active part in the reconstruction of disaster-hit areas in Pakistan and help the affected people rebuild their homeland.



7. The two sides decided to use the occasion of the 55th Anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties to lift China-Pakistan relations to a new height. The two sides agreed to hold this year the “Cultural Week” and “Film Week”, and to exchange media and academic visits.



8. Both sides expressed their firm resolve to strengthen cooperation in all spheres. They held that to maintain trade and economic links is not only an important part of China-Pakistan cooperation and good-neighborly relations but also a bond of common interests between the two countries. Both sides agreed to explore new ways to expand economic cooperation and trade to promote common development for the two countries and peoples.



9. The two sides expressed satisfaction with the implementation of the Early Harvest Programme, and agreed to expedite negotiations on the Free Trade Agreement. They emphasized that overland trade through the Karakoram Highway should be promoted and were ready to adopt measures to facilitate such trade.



10. Both sides also expressed deep satisfaction with the progress being made on various Chinese-assisted economic projects in Pakistan, including Gwadar Port, Sandhak Gold and Copper and Dudar Zinc and Lead. They agreed to encourage cooperation between Chinese and Pakistani companies, including setting up joint ventures, and supported the early launching of a joint study on expanding economic cooperation and trade. Both sides agreed to set up a China-Pakistan Joint Investment Company between the financial institutions of the two countries. Both sides also reached agreement in principle to upgrade the Karakoram Highway. Special emphasis was placed on cooperation in agriculture, especially agro-based industry, pesticides, drip irrigation and fisheries. A framework agreement on expanding and deepening economic cooperation was signed.



11. Both sides agreed to enhance their cooperation in the energy sector and signed the Framework Agreement on Energy Cooperation, a wide-ranging document. Pakistan expressed its interest in construction of oil refineries, gas terminals, oil and gas storage and transit facilities. The Chinese side welcomed these proposals and agreed to assist in the development of oil and gas sector in Pakistan.



12. Both sides expressed satisfaction with the performance of Chashma Nuclear Power Plant-I and the start of the construction of the Chashma Power Plant Unit-II. They agreed to enhance cooperation in the peaceful use of nuclear energy.



13. Both sides attached considerable importance to broadening cooperation in social sectors, including health, human resources development, education and vocational training.



14. Both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in high technology, including space technology for peaceful purposes. They agreed to enhance close cooperation between relevant institutions in the earth, marine and space sciences and promote the application of relevant technologies in industry and agriculture. They also agreed to cooperate in seismology, geology and Antarctic sciences.



15. China reaffirmed its respect for Pakistan’s independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity. It appreciated and supported Pakistan’s efforts to promote peace and stability in South Asia and supported all efforts by Pakistan to safeguard its sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence. Pakistan reaffirmed its long-standing commitment to the one China policy and recognized that the Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China and that Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory. Pakistan opposed “Taiwan independence” and fully supported China’s peaceful reunification.



16. The two sides discussed in depth the international and regional developments. They reaffirmed their firm opposition to terrorism in all its forms and manifestations as well as the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery. They expressed their commitment to maintaining international peace and stability. Both sides agreed that the United Nations reform should aim at strengthening its authority and unity and give priority to the issue of development. The reform of the Security Council should take into full consideration the interests of all its members, and a formula acceptable to all should be sought through extensive and thorough consultations.



17. Pakistan welcomed China becoming an observer of South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). China welcomed Pakistan becoming an observer of Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO) and invited it to participate in the SCO Shanghai Summit in June 2006. Both sides expressed their support for the process of regional cooperation in Asia and the need to promote inter-regional cooperation.



18. The two sides signed Framework Agreement on Expanding and Deepening Bilateral Economic and Trade Cooperation between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Framework Agreement on the Cooperation between the Ministry of National Defence of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Defence of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Framework Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Energy between the National Development and Reform Commission of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Petroleum and National Resources of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Vocational Training between the Ministry of Labor and Social Security, Government of the People’s Republic of China and Ministry of Labor, Manpower and Overseas Pakistanis, Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU between the Ministry of Communications of People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Communications of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Cooperation in the Up-gradation of Karakoram Highway, MOU between the Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan on Cooperation in the Field of Fisheries, MOU for Cooperation on Pesticide Management between the Ministry of Agriculture, the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on the Launching of the Joint Program of the Five-year Plan for the Bilateral Trade and Economic Cooperation between the Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Commerce of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU in the field of Health between the Ministry of Health Of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Health Of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation between the National Population and Family Planning Commission, Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Ministry of Population Welfare, Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation in the Field of Earthquake Studies between China Administration of the People’s Republic of China and Pakistan Metrological Department of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, MOU on Cooperation in the Field of Meteorological Science and Technology between the China Meteorological Administration of the People’s Republic of China and the Pakistan Meteorological Department of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, General Loan Agreement Regarding Utilization of the Preferential Buyer’s Credit from the Government of the People’s Republic of China to the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan between the Export-Import Bank of China and the Ministry of Economic Affairs and Statistics of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.



19. President Musharraf invited President Hu Jintao to visit Pakistan this year and to participate in commemorative events celebrating the 55th Anniversary of diplomatic ties between the two countries. President Hu thanked President Musharraf for the invitation.

快餐式专利“生产”十二条军规

王晋刚

专利技术的开发需要大量的资金和人力投入，这是人所共知的道理，但是，如果方法得当，也可以在资金消耗不多的前提下用有多项能提升企业竞争力的专利。这对中国中小企业很有吸引力。以下是为中小企业准备的快餐使专利生产的十二条军规。

规则1：成立小而全的研发小组
因为我们的企业现在还太小，不具备成立研究院或设计院的实力，只能建立一个小型的技术开发小组，用杠杆式的方法逐步向技术核心靠拢。

研发小组需要制造、设计、销售、财务、法律和管理等方面的人员的参与，共同探讨研究。一个6人研发组最好由分别来自上述6个部门的人员组成，而不是全部由研发部门的技术人员组成。

规则2：将产品功能“聚焦”
设计一个新产品时，一般的思维偏向是求全责备，希望自己设计的产品在每一方面都是顶尖拔萃的，每一方面都拥有专利。其实这是不现实的，特别是对中小企业。所以设计产品时，一定要使其功能尽量集中，特别是要集中在一两项上核心功能上。设计能出色地完成一项功能的装置不难，但却很难设计能同时出色地完成多项功能的装置。对复杂的技术来说，只要掌握了一两项核心专利，其他厂商就会提供给你相关专利。

规则3：省略要素
“依需要发明”的诀窍是，仔细研究竞争对手的专利以及相关技术领域的现有技术，然后，将那些原来被认为是必要的，而实际上是非必要的技术要素省略掉，从而，得到自己的发明。对一项专利来说，通常会用几个必要的技术特征来描述，这就是必要的技术要素，随着时间的发展，有些技术要素已经无关紧要，这是如果原“专利主”还没有觉察，或者没有在意，那就提过了后来这绝好的创新机会。现代的科技已经越来越成熟，开创性的科技之存在于少数几个领域如生物制药、软件、基因工程等，其他的领域都有企业申请了专利保护，后来者能做得只能是改进，这种专利叫做“改进专利”，以区别于“原始专利”。改进的最好的方法就是减少必要技术要素。

这种方法在法律上和技术上都是立得住脚的。 在法律方面，省略要素就可以避免侵权。判定侵权的基本原则是“完全覆盖”和“等同原则”——只有在权利要求书中的独立权利要求全部必要技术特征被覆盖地利用，或者是之上全部被利用，才构成侵权。如果你能设法使自己的产品不包含竞争对手的专利的一个必要技术特征，就可避免侵权。

在技术方面，省略一个技术要素通常会降低产品的制造成本，并能提高产品性能的可靠性，盖上产权的功能。

我们来看一种由呼吸驱动的喷药器的发展过程。这种喷药器用于使确定剂量的气体状药品喷入病人体内。由于医疗上的原因，若由病人的呼吸来驱动，喷药器能较好地运行。长期以来，人们一直在寻找一种由呼吸驱动，而不是由人工驱动的方案。许多美国专利描述了这样的装置。这些专利给出了多种不同的装置，但都过于昂贵、过于复杂，从来没能投入市场。后来，有人提出了一种新设计。该设计省略掉了原设计中的大部分部件，只留下一个可移动的部件，因此，它价格低廉、使用方便，并且用后易于处理。该设计已被美国食品药物管理局批准可以进行销售，很快投入了市场。

这是一种最典型的“绕过”对方专利的做法，也是最合法的“绕过”方法，通常会产生一种全新的技术效果。“要素省略法”是否很简单，但它却是“绕过”策略的核心。在应用要素省略法时，专利法律专家应当和技术人员通力合作，找出被认为是必要的技术要素，然后加以省略。从一个角度来看，一旦找到了可省略的技术要素，只需有限的创造性劳动就能重新设计出包含较少技术要素的专利技术。

要素替代的失败:澳大利亚Bedford与 Pinefair专利之争。

Bedford公司拥有一项涉及园艺边饰的专利，该专利设计由平分的松树圆木和一个将圆木连在一起的沿着圆木的后平面固定的“伸长的带子”两部分组成。被指控的Pinefair侵权产品在生产过程中用一个挤压成的塑料 带将圆木加以连接，但是为了绕开专利，增加了一个在每一个圆木上切割塑料带的额外步骤，所以最终产品不含有与每个构件相连的伸长的带子。

从表面上看起来，Pinefair成功的省略了一个技术要素，但法院认为，Pinefair施加的切断塑料带子的额外步骤是在“功能上无用”的，并且只是为了绕开专利才施加的步骤。所以判定侵权成立。



规则4：要素替代法
如果在竞争对手的专利中找不到非必要的技术要素，就想一想有没有可替换的结构上的要素——即使替换后的要素同原要素的功能相同。但要注意实现要数替换后要产生一定的技术上的效果，如提高了速度，或者降低了价格等，否则不会被授予专利权，即使授予了专利权，也会被对方依据“等同原则”申请无效。在中国，等同原则的应用存在一定争议，这种要素替代还可以采用。

如果既找不到非必要要素，又找不到可对其结构进行改变的要素，就看一看有没有可对其功能进行改变的要素——即使替换后的要素同原要素的结构相同。发现产品的新功能是发明创造的一个方面，可以授予专利权。

专利的权利说明书一般是以“装置+功能”的格式撰写的，例如，朗科前不久获得了一项“一种多功能半导体存储装置”的专利，这个专利的摘要是这样描述的：“一种多功能半导体存储装置，借助通用接口与主机系统相连接，包括：半导体存储介质模块和控制器模块，其中控制器模块包括通用接口控制模块、微处理器及控制模块，在半导体存储装置的接口应用层实现各种设备类协议，模拟和实现多种存储盘的存储功能。在半导体存储介质中开辟一个或多个存储空间，在同一个设备中支持一种或多种存储盘。并且能够热插拔、可移动。 ”在这里面，有结构性的说明，也有功能性说明，能不能替代就看企业的技术人员的技术洞察力了。

从这里可以看出来，权利要求书撰写的技巧是：使权利要求尽可能地宽，尽可能地简单，以至于不能再被简化或改变，但却仍然能渗入相关市场。这样，竞争对手就很难“绕过”。不过宽也要有度，不能把不属于自己发明创造的技术包含在内，例如，朗科的闪盘存储专利就不可能把所有存储器包括在内。







规则5：组合原则
专利之中有一种专利就是组合专利，特点是将已有的两项技术和合并到一起，产生一种新的产品。其最原始的代表就是带橡皮头的铅笔，最新的代表就是朗科公司的将USB接口技术和闪存技术组合到一起产生的闪盘专利。